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Absolutism
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Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
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Absolutism causes
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The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
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“I am the state”
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Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
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The fronde
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Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
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The intendant system
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King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
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What did the Palace of Versailles do?
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King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
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King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
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Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
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Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
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Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
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Hugenots flee France
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Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
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Mercantilism
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An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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Peter the great reforms
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Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
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Peter the great's political reform
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Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
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Peter the great's religious reform
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Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
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Peter the great's cultural reforms
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Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
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Constitutionalsim
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The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
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Divine Right of Kings
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Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
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Triennial Act (1641)
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A document passed by the House of Commons during the Long Parliament that required Parliament to be summoned at least once every three years.
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Puritans
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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
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English civl war causes
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Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
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English Civil War (1642-1649)
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Conflict between the king, parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
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New Model Army
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Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
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End of the English civl war
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Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
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Rump Parliament
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The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
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Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
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Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
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The protectorate
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The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
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Restoration period
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Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
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Glorious Revolution (1688)
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Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
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English Bill of Rights (1689)
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Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
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80 Years War (1568-1648)
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Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
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William of Orange
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Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
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Balance of Power
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After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
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Dutch States General
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The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
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Partition of Poland
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Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
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Battle of Vienna (1683)
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Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
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War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
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A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
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Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
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Military impact of balance of power wars
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Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
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Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
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Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
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Jethro Tull's seed drill
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Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
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mechanical hoe
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Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
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Colombian exchange impact on the agricultural revolution
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Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
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Workers Guilds
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associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen
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putting-out system
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Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
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Waterframe
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spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
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Rise of insurance
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During the Industrial Revolution, insurance started to gain prevalence. Insurance for entrepreneurs gave them the confidence to invest a very large amount of money on industrializing
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Triangle Trade
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a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
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consumer culture
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Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
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Matteo Z 
European history
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