substrate-level phosphorylation
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
prepartory reaction
parent drug more polar metabolite
Acetyl CoA
the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
cellular respiration
Aerobic
Mitocondrion
Catabolism
electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle
NAD+
Cytochromes
proteins that play a key role in electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
amount of oxygen requirement to oxidize lactic acid produced anaerobically during strenous muscle activity.
citric acid cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
