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Roanoke Colony
Definition
Britians first colony, established in outer banks, NC. When they came back, it was abandonded
1607
Popham Colony
Definition
Britian's second colony, in Maine, it lasted around a year, but they ran out of food and left
1607
Jamestown
Definition
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia by a joint stock company
1630
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Definition
Colony founded by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"
1636
Pequot war
Definition
Pequot tribe vs connecticut settlers. Started witht eh murder of 2 english traders. It was part of a larger dispute over trade
1651
Navigation Acts
Definition
Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
1675
King Philip's war
Definition
King Metacomet (King Philip), forges a massive military alliance with other native tribes and attacked Massachusetts in retaliation for the praying towns
1676
Bacons rebellion
Definition
British settlers wanted more land for growing tobacco and they stole it from the natives. The natives retaliated, which infuriated the colonists. When Governor William Berkeley refused to send troops, Nathanial Bacon led angry poor farmers on an attack against the natives, and then on farms owned by Governor Berkeley.
Effects
The rebellion was put down by British warships. The Virginia Elites reduced taxes and became more aggressive with native americans. Also they switched to using African slaves for labor.
1730
First great awakening
Definition
A revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s.
Causes
The movement was a reaction against the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Enlightenment
July 10, 1754
The Albany conference
Definition
Meeting between leaders of 7 colonies to create a plan for joint defense and administration of the colonies. "Join or die"
May 21, 1756
7 years war
Definition
A dispute over a french fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other.
Effects
Britian doubled it's land holdings in north America and France was nearly kicked out. Natives couldn't play the empires off of each other for protection.
May 21, 1756
7 years war
Definition
A dispute over a French fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other.
Effects
Britain doubled its land holdings in north America and France was nearly kicked out. Natives couldn't play the empires off of each other for protection.
Causes
Conflicting interests between European powers over territory and colonies
May1763
British beliefs after 7 years war
Definition
They viewed the colonies as subordinates. They had spent billions on defending them, and thought they'd want to help pay the debt.
May1763
Proclamation of 1763
Definition
Britain didn't want to spend more money defending the colonies from the natives, so they banned settling beyond the Appalachian mountains
May1764
Sugar act
Definition
Reduced the tax on molasses, but strengthened the court system to end smuggling, making many wealthy smugglers angry.
Context
Before the act, most sugar was smuggled in, avoiding the tax. Now they were forced to pay it.
May1765
Stamp act
Definition
All paper products sold in the colonies had to be stamped and pay a small tax. It spurred on revolutionary ideals.
May1765
Stamp act congress
Definition
Delegates met in New York to send the "declaration of rights & grievances" to the king. They also organized a boycott of British goods.
May1766
Declaratory act
Definition
Parliament repealed the stamp act, but enacted the declaratory act, saying they could pass any law they wanted.
June, 1767
Townshend Acts
Definition
In opposing the stamp act, the colonists said trade should be regulated instead. Parliament passed the townshend acts and began taxing imports and exports.
March 5, 1770
Boston massacre
Definition
Parliament sent 1,000 troops to boston to enforce the townshend acts. Protesters began throwing snowballs, and eventually rocks at a group of soldiers. Someone fired a shot, and the soldiers killed 5 protesters
April 19, 1775
Lexington and Concorde
Definition
British troops marched to take a militia's weapons. They we're beaten back and chased back to boston by militia minutemen
May, 1775
Ethan Allen and the Green mountain boys surround fort Ticonderoga, steal it's cannons, and bring them back to Boston
May, 1775
2nd Continental Congress
Definition
How would the colonists win? George Washington would lead an army How would they pay for it? New currency
June 17, 1775
Battle of Bunker hill
Definition
British won, but had many casualties. They eventually abandoned Boston
July, 1775
Olive branch petition
Definition
Congress wanted king George to intervene on their behalf and end the violence. He didn’t read it.
January 31, 1776
Common sense
Definition
Attacked the obstacles to independence. It was the best selling work in American history because it presented his ideas in a vernacular way.
Effects
Led to widespread support for independence
July 2, 1776
Declaration of Independence
Definition
Written by Thomas Jefferson. Declared the colonies an independent country from Britain. Included a statement of intent, list of grievances, and a conclusion that dissolved ties with Britain
July1781
Articles of confederation
Definition
Looked to balance national coordination and states rights to prevent tyranny. It featured a unicameral legislature, but the federal government had no money and no military
July1786
Shay’s rebellion
Causes
Farmers had to take debt because they weren’t getting paid. Their land was being repossessed so they rebelled and closed the courts. They used Republican ideals to justify it.
Effects
Les many to worry if this was a sign of the articles of confederation failing, because the government didn’t have the power to end the rebellion.
July1787
The Virginia plan
Definition
The plan for representation favored by large states. It called for 2 houses with population based representation and a strong national government.
July1787
The New Jersey plan
Definition
The plan for representation favored by small states. It called for 1 house of Congress with each state getting equal representation.
July1787
Connecticut compromise
Definition
Congress would have 2 houses, one with equal representation and one with population based representation.
July1788
Philadelphia convention
Definition
12/13 states met to amend the articles of confederation. They eventually decided to draft a new constitution
Agreement
3 branches, Congress would have the power to tax, states prohibited from taking property, government would represent the people.
Disagreements
How much power to give the federal government? How to represent each state in Congress?
July1790
Hamilton's financial plan
Definition
1) Establish the U.S. credit worthiness 2) Unify the states' debt 3) Create a national bank 4) Whiskey tax to pay for the revolution 5) Establish tariffs to protect american businesses
July1790
the Compromise of 1790
Definition
Jefferson and Hamilton agreed to pass Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for making Washington D.C. the Capital of the country
July1795
pinckney's treaty
Definition
between US and spain, defined border US and spanish florida, guranteed US navigation rights in mississippi river
July1797
Election of 1797
Definition
First contested election in American history, won by John Adams (Washington's vice president)
July1798
alien laws
Definition
authorized the president to deport "aliens" and permitted their arrest imprisonment and deportation during war time
July1798
sedition act
Definition
applied restrictions to immigration and speech in US made it a crime for americans to print, utter, or publish any false, scandalous, malicious writing about the government
July1799
Fries rebellion
Definition
Farmers in southeast Pennsylvania stopped paying taxes for the larger military. John Fries led a peaceful protest, but John Adams ordered federal troops to stop the protest, and they made mass arrests, assaulted newspaper editors, and almost executed John Fries.
July1800
Election of 1800
Definition
Rematch between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic republicans had finally figured out how to campaign in the media, and the Federalists were seen as elitist
July1803
Marbury vs. Madison
Definition
On his way out of office, John Adams appointed 16 new judges. Jefferson refused to deliver some of these appointments. The Supreme Court established judicial review.
July1808
The embargo
Definition
President Jefferson established an embargo on foreign trade in retaliation for Britain and France attacks on American ships.
June, 1812
Madison declared war on great Britain
Definition
Madison declared war. "Would Americans remain independent or become colonists again?"
June1815
Effects of the War of 1812
Definition
Confirmed ability of a Republican Government to defend itself. Americans completed conquest of everything east of the Mississippi. War broke remaining indigenous power, and white settlers poured in to former native lands.
June1818
Convention of 1818
Definition
More American fishing rights, set the U.S. - Canada border at the 49th parallel, and called for the joint-occupation of Oregon
June1819
Spain sells Florida
Definition
U.S. wanted Florida for nationalist reasons and because slaves and outlaws kept hiding out there. After retaliating for a raid, Spain gives up and sells Florida for $5 million
June1819
Panic of 1819
Definition
First major recession in the United States
Causes
Irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports
Effects
Working men demanded the franchise
June1823
Monroe doctrine
Definition
Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement.
June1824
Split within the Democratic-Republican party
National Republicans
Expansive view of federal power & loose constructionists
Democrats
Restrictive view of federal power & strict constructionists
June1824
Election of 1824
Definition
The divisions within the Democratic-Republican party led them to choose 4 candidates, while Jackson's populist campaign won the popular vote, no candidate won enough electoral votes. Adams and Clay made a deal and the house voted for Adams.
June1826
American temperance society
Definition
Focused on working men. Established over 5,000 chapters across the nation
June1828
Election of 1828
Definition
The split became more permanent and the Democrats and National Republicans were formed. Jackson ran again and won.
June1828
Tariff of 1828
Definition
Raised import duties up to 50%. Supported by industrial northerners and hated by southerners who relied on imports
June1830
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Definition
Removed native americans from their land and sent them to reservations west of the Mississippi river.
June1835
Texan independence
Causes
Americans had been settling in Texas since the 1820s. The southerners outnumbered actual Mexicans and had brought their slaves. The Mexican government outlawed slavery and mandated catholicism.
Conflict
in 1835 the Texans revolted and forced the leader of Mexican troops to recognize Texan independence. Their request to join the United States was rejected because America didn't want to fight a war with Mexico.
June1844
Election of 1844
Definition
James k. Polk was a big believer in manifest destiny. He got the Oregon territory and started the Mexican-American River.
April 25, 1846
Mexican-American war
Definition
Disputes over the Texas border sparked the conflict. American troops made it all the way to Mexico city.
April1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Definition
Established the southern border of the United States and granted a huge portion of land known as the Mexican cession which included California and new Mexico
April1848
Gold rush
Definition
Gold was discovered in California, population skyrocketed
April1850
Compromise of 1850
Definition
California and New Mexico wanted to enter the union as free states. Henry Clay created compromise: New Mexico and Utah would vote on slavery, California would be admitted as a free state, Slavery would be banned in Washington D.C., and there would be a new fugitive slave act
April1857
John Brown
Definition
Led a small raid on a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His goal was to arm the southern slave population and incite a slave rebellion
Effects
Southerners feared that the north wanted to dismantle the south with slave rebellions
April1860
Election of 1860
Definition
Lincoln campaigned on halting the expansion of slavery. He won without a single Southern electoral vote, prompting the south to realize they no longer any voice in the future of slavery in america
April1862
Homestead act
Definition
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
April1865
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
April1866
Sioux wars
Definition
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
April1866
Interstate commerce act
Definition
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
April1867
Tenure of Office Act
Definition
Stopped the president from removing a member of their cabinet without congressional approval (Johnson had tried to remove his secretary of war, who was a radical Republican)
April1868
National Grange movement
Definition
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
April1871
Indian appropriation act
Definition
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
April1877
Great railroad strike
Definition
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
April1881
Pendleton Act
Definition
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Effects
Caused politicians to shift from relying on their parties, to rich donors instead
April1882
Chinese exclusion act
Definition
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
April1886
Haymarket square riot
Definition
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
April1887
Dawes act
Definition
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
April1888
Spanish-American War
Background
Cuba was a Spanish colony. In 1885 Cuban nationalists failed to overthrow the Spanish colonists. Yellow journalists persuaded Americans to intervene by talking about the humanitarian disaster in Cuba. In 1888 the battleship Maine exploded while it was docked in Havana
Definition
President McKinley demanded a ceasefire from Spain, and when they agreed, he went to war anyway. The war was over in a few short months. America got a bunch of territory in the Pacific.
April1890
Sherman antitrust act
Definition
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Effects
Written too vaguely to actually break up many of the trusts
April1890
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
April1890
NAWSA
Definition
Worked to secure voting rights for women
April1894
Pullman strike
Definition
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
September 14, 1901
President McKinley was assassinated and Teddy Roosevelt became president
September1917
Espionage Act of 1917
Definition
Anyone who tried to incite rebellion or obstruct the draft would go to prison
September1918
Sedition act of 1918
Definition
Prohibited anyone from making negative comments about the government
September1919
18th amendment passed
Definition
Banned the sale of alcohol. They thought it would right the moral wrongs of society, but it had the opposite effect
September1921
Immigration Quotas
Definition
Limited the number of eastern European and Asian immigrants
September1925
Scopes Monkey trial
Definition
In Tennessee it was illegal to teach Darwin's theory of evolution to children. A teacher was arrested for teaching it to his class. In the end, the conviction was thrown out on a technicality.
Effects
Since the trial played out in plain view of the public, Fundamentalism was discredited because it was unable to defend itself against modernist protestants
October 29, 1929
Great depression
Definition
The stock market collapsed on black Tuesday. People borrowed money to invest in the stock market. Everyone lost their money.
October1932
Franklin D. Roosevelt elected
Definition
Believed in active government and he grew the government more than any president before him.
October1944
GI Bill
Definition
Gave WW2 veterans the opportunity to go to college for free (paid by the Government)
October1948
Marshall plan
Definition
The extensive economic aid plan to rebuild the European economy and encourage democracy
May, 1954
Brown v. Board of education
Definition
The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal and schools had to be integrated. Overturned plessy v. Ferguson from 1896
May1955
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger
Definition
Her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger, and subsequent arrest sparked a massive bus boycott
May1956
Southern resistance to integration
Southern manifesto
Argued that the Supreme Court had engaged in a gross abuse of power
Arkansas
The Governor called in the National Guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock High School. Eisenhower then sent Federal troops to protect those 9 students and force the school to be integrated
May1960
Sit-in movement
Definition
Thousands of black folks sat a segregated food counters and refused to move until they were taken out by force and jailed
May1962
Baker vs. Carr
Definition
Mandated fair congressional districts
May1962
Engel vs. Vitale
Definition
Prohibited prayers in school
May1963
The Feminine Mystique
Definition
Explained the boredom and imprisonment of the typical housewife who was beholden to the needs of her family at the expense of her own needs. Argued that women should seek fulfilment and careers as well.
August, 1963
March on Washington
Definition
Hundreds of thousands gathered for a peaceful protest in front of the lincoln memorial. MLK gave his 'I have a dream' speech
August1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition
Made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal
August1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Definition
Prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth
August1965
Watts Riots of 1965
Definition
After the arrest of a black motorist by white officers, rioters killed over 30 people and destroyed hundreds of buildings in Los Angeles
August1966
Black Panthers
Definition
Advocated violence when necessary in defense of black rights
August1966
N.O.W.
Definition
Advocated for women's rights using many of the same tactics as the civil rights movement
August1970
EPA
Definition
Created in response to growing backlash from environmental disasters. Sought to place limits on pollution in the air and water
August1973
Roe v. Wade
Definition
Nixon's appointments (who he'd assumed who be conservative) ruled in favor of abortion rights
August1975
Self-determination Act of 1975
Definition
Gave Native Americans much greater control over their lands, education, and law enforcement
| Spanish colonization |
Colonized to extract wealth through mining and cash crops |
| French colonization |
Expanding the fur trade, later plantations in Louisiana |
| Dutch colonization |
Fur trade and other economic reasons |
| British colonization |
Economic and religious liberty |
| Asiento System |
System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over. |
| Roanoke Colony |
Britians first colony, established in outer banks, NC. When they came back, it was abandonded |
| Popham Colony |
Britian's second colony, in Maine, it lasted around a year, but they ran out of food and left |
| Jamestown |
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia by a joint stock company |
| joint-stock company Limited liability company |
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. |
| Indentured Servants |
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |
| Plymouth |
Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony |
Colony founded by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill" |
| Puritan culture |
Family seen as foundation of social fabric |
| Roger Williams |
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south |
| Anne Hutchinson |
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. |
| Dutch Wedge |
New Netherlands separated England's northern and southern colonies, until they just took it with very little resistance |
| Navigation Acts |
Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. |
| Rise 0f Chesapeake slavery |
Laws helped codify racial differneces. They wanted to prevent the growth of the free black population by banning interracial marriage. Also slavery was becoming cheaper than indentured servitude |
| Bacons rebellion |
British settlers wanted more land for growing tobacco and they stole it from the natives. The natives retaliated, which infuriated the colonists. When Governor William Berkeley refused to send troops, Nathanial Bacon led angry poor farmers on an attack against the natives, and then on farms owned by Governor Berkeley. |
| Pequot war |
Pequot tribe vs connecticut settlers. Started witht eh murder of 2 english traders. It was part of a larger dispute over trade |
| King Philip's war |
King Metacomet (King Philip), forges a massive military alliance with other native tribes and attacked Massachusetts in retaliation for the praying towns |
| Praying towns |
Towns in new england where native Americans were forced to live. They we're supposed to be for their protection, but really, it was to steal their land and convert them to christianity |
| First great awakening |
A revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s. |
| Johnathan Edwards |
Theologian and philosopher who objected to predestination and helped cause the first great awakening by preaching to large crowds |
| George Whitefield |
A staunch Calvinist who began preaching outdoors in England. He moved to the colonies in 1740. In 2 years he was able to speak to over a quarter of the American population |
| James Oglethorpe |
Got the royal charter for Georgia because he wanted to establish a colony for the "worthy poor" (the people in debtors prisions). England also wanted protection from Spanish Florida. |
| Georgia government |
Very strict. Max land ownership, no slavery, alcohol, or Catholics. By 1740's Georgians wanted normal english liberties so these restrictions went away. |
| Spanish colonization |
Colo |
| Hola |
Hello |
| 7 years war |
A dispute over a french fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other. |
| The middle ground |
The areas where both colonists and native people would trade and coexist |
| The Albany conference The albany plan of union |
Meeting between leaders of 7 colonies to create a plan for joint defense and administration of the colonies. "Join or die" |
| British beliefs after 7 years war |
They viewed the colonies as subordinates. They had spent billions on defending them, and thought they'd want to help pay the debt. |
| Proclamation of 1763 |
Britain didn't want to spend more money defending the colonies from the natives, so they banned settling beyond the Appalachian mountains |
| Virtual representation |
The idea that each representative in parliament represented the empire as a whole, and therefore, the colonies were represented. |
| Sugar act |
Reduced the tax on molasses, but strengthened the court system to end smuggling, making many wealthy smugglers angry. |
| Stamp act |
All paper products sold in the colonies had to be stamped and pay a small tax. It spurred on revolutionary ideals. |
| Stamp act congress |
Delegates met in New York to send the "declaration of rights & grievances" to the king. They also organized a boycott of British goods. |
| Declaratory act |
Parliament repealed the stamp act, but enacted the declaratory act, saying they could pass any law they wanted. |
| Townshend Acts |
In opposing the stamp act, the colonists said trade should be regulated instead. Parliament passed the townshend acts and began taxing imports and exports. |
| Boston massacre |
Parliament sent 1,000 troops to boston to enforce the townshend acts. Protesters began throwing snowballs, and eventually rocks at a group of soldiers. Someone fired a shot, and the soldiers killed 5 protesters |
| Thomas Gage |
The new appointed governor of Massachusetts who began to strictly enforce parliaments laws |
| Lexington and Concorde |
British troops marched to take a militia's weapons. They we're beaten back and chased back to boston by militia minutemen |
| Ethan Allen and the Green mountain boys surround fort Ticonderoga, steal it's cannons, and bring them back to Boston |
|
| Battle of Bunker hill |
British won, but had many casualties. They eventually abandoned Boston |
| 2nd Continental Congress |
How would the colonists win? George Washington would lead an army
How would they pay for it? New currency |
| Colonial attitude towards independence |
They didn’t want it. Initially the revolution was a petition to get the same rights as other British citizens |
| Olive branch petition |
Congress wanted king George to intervene on their behalf and end the violence. He didn’t read it. |
| Common sense By Thomas Paine |
Attacked the obstacles to independence. It was the best selling work in American history because it presented his ideas in a vernacular way. |
| Declaration of Independence |
Written by Thomas Jefferson. Declared the colonies an independent country from Britain. Included a statement of intent, list of grievances, and a conclusion that dissolved ties with Britain |
| Articles of confederation |
Looked to balance national coordination and states rights to prevent tyranny. It featured a unicameral legislature, but the federal government had no money and no military |
| Failures of the articles of confederation |
France and others wanted their debt paid back, yet the national government didn’t have money. States had individual economies that didn’t collaborate. |
| Shay’s rebellion |
Farmers had to take debt because they weren’t getting paid. Their land was being repossessed so they rebelled and closed the courts. They used Republican ideals to justify it. |
| Annapolis convention |
Secret meeting between delegates of 6 states to discuss how to fix the articles of confederation |
| Philadelphia convention |
12/13 states met to amend the articles of confederation. They eventually decided to draft a new constitution |
| The Virginia plan |
The plan for representation favored by large states. It called for 2 houses with population based representation and a strong national government. |
| The New Jersey plan |
The plan for representation favored by small states. It called for 1 house of Congress with each state getting equal representation. |
| Connecticut compromise Great compromise |
Congress would have 2 houses, one with equal representation and one with population based representation. |
| Federalism |
The division of powers between different levels of government. |
| Checks and balances |
Different branches of government could check each other to prevent abuse of power. |
| George Washington's Presidency |
Established many precedents for the office of the president. Created a cabinet-style government, appointed cabinet officials based on merit, and stepped down after 2 terms |
| Age of passion |
Politics was very negative with the rise of political parties, political violence, and deep political divisions |
| civic virtue |
the character of a good participant in a system of gov |
| republican motherhood |
the idea that women needed to become educated so that they could educate the new generation |
| Hamilton's financial plan |
1) Establish the U.S. credit worthiness 2) Unify the states' debt 3) Create a national bank 4) Whiskey tax to pay for the revolution 5) Establish tariffs to protect american businesses |
| the Compromise of 1790 |
Jefferson and Hamilton agreed to pass Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for making Washington D.C. the Capital of the country |
| French revolution |
Ambassador from France came to America to encourage Americans to side with the French. Washington declared neutrality, but the ambassador remained in America to not get beheaded back home. |
| British impressment |
The British continued to kidnap american sailors. Washington sent John Jay to london to negotiate |
| Jay treaty |
Britain agreed to abandon outposts on the western frontier. In return the U.S. would favor trade with Britian. However, the treaty failed to address the british kidnapping, and American hatred of Britian caused riots. |
| First political parties |
Divisions over neutrality in the French revolution, the Jay treaty, the financial plan, and existing sectionalism created the first political parties. |
| Federalists |
Strong national government |
| Democratic Republicans |
Weak national government |
| Whiskey rebellion |
violent tax protest from 1791-1794.
the whiskey was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by president Washington to pay for the war. It unfairly burdened poor farmers west of the Appalachian mountains because they couldn't do business anymore |
| Election of 1797 |
First contested election in American history, won by John Adams (Washington's vice president) |
| XYZ affair |
French and british continued to kidnap american sailors, so Adams sent ministers to negotiate. When they arrived, 3 agents demanded a bribe just to speak to the foreign minister. John Adams almost declared war. |
| Fries rebellion |
Farmers in southeast Pennsylvania stopped paying taxes for the larger military. John Fries led a peaceful protest, but John Adams ordered federal troops to stop the protest, and they made mass arrests, assaulted newspaper editors, and almost executed John Fries. |
| pinckney's treaty |
between US and spain, defined border US and spanish florida, guranteed US navigation rights in mississippi river |
| alien laws |
authorized the president to deport "aliens" and permitted their arrest imprisonment and deportation during war time |
| sedition act |
applied restrictions to immigration and speech in US made it a crime for americans to print, utter, or publish any false, scandalous, malicious writing about the government |
| virginia and kentucky resolutions |
drafted by thomas jefferson and james madison, claimed that alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional and overstepped federal authority under the constitition, and could therefore be nullified by the states |
| 7 years war French and Indian war |
A dispute over a French fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other. |
| Election of 1800 Revolution of 1800 |
Rematch between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic republicans had finally figured out how to campaign in the media, and the Federalists were seen as elitist First peaceful transfer of power between opposing parties |
| Jefferson's presidency |
He himself owned hundreds of slaves. He banned the importation of slaves. Once the Atlantic trade dried up, domestic trade increased, creating the second middle passage |
| Louisiana purchase |
Napoleon needed money to quell the Haitian revolution, so he sold the Louisiana territory, and Jefferson bought. This was controversial because the constitution didn't specify how to add territory to the union. |
| The embargo |
President Jefferson established an embargo on foreign trade in retaliation for Britain and France attacks on American ships. Eventually limited the embargo to only British and French ships |
| Madison re-imposed the embargo on Britain because they continued to attack American ships |
|
| War hawkes |
Younger Americans who had been born after the revolution, were ardent nationalists, and wanted war with Britain to invade Florida and Canada. |
| Jefferson policy on indigenous Americans |
He favored removing them to reservations beyond the Mississippi if they refused to "civilize" themselves. Some unified and began violently resisting with help from the British |
| Madison declared war on great Britain |
Madison declared war. "Would Americans remain independent or become colonists again?" |
| Effects of the War of 1812 |
Confirmed ability of a Republican Government to defend itself. Americans completed conquest of everything east of the Mississippi. War broke remaining indigenous power, and white settlers poured in to former native lands. |
| End of the federalists |
The war had revived the struggling party thanks to the anti-war movement. Now that the war was over, federalist support collapsed for good. |
| Rush-Bagot pact |
Agreement with Britain that removed military ships from the great lakes. |
| Convention of 1818 |
More American fishing rights, set the U.S. - Canada border at the 49th parallel, and called for the joint-occupation of Oregon |
| Spain sells Florida |
U.S. wanted Florida for nationalist reasons and because slaves and outlaws kept hiding out there. After retaliating for a raid, Spain gives up and sells Florida for $5 million |
| Marbury vs. Madison |
On his way out of office, John Adams appointed 16 new judges. Jefferson refused to deliver some of these appointments. The Supreme Court established judicial review. |
| McCulloch vs Maryland |
Ruled that federal law trumps state law |
| Hartford Convention |
Federalists met in opposition to the war of 1812, and even argued that new england should suceed. |
| Henry Clay's American system |
Federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and the re-establishment of the bank of the united states. |
| Tallmadge amendment |
Would prohibit slavery in Missouri if it was admitted into the union |
| Compromise of 1820 Missouri compromise |
Bring in Missouri and Maine at the same time to keep the balance of power. Also limited slavery above a certain latitude. |
| Monroe doctrine |
Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement. |
| Market revolution |
The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation |
| From 1820 to 1840 nearly 2 million immigrants (mainly from Germany and Ireland) showed up |
|
| Cult of domesticity |
A woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around child-bearing and making her home comfortable for her husband. |
| Expansion of democracy |
Voting rights were expanded to all white males |
| Panic of 1819 |
First major recession in the United States |
| Split within the Democratic-Republican party |
Expansive view of federal power & loose constructionists |
| Election of 1824 Corrupt bargin |
The divisions within the Democratic-Republican party led them to choose 4 candidates, while Jackson's populist campaign won the popular vote, no candidate won enough electoral votes. Adams and Clay made a deal and the house voted for Adams. |
| Election of 1828 |
|
| Whigs |
New party led by Henry Clay. Main difference was disagreement over federal power |
| Tariff of 1828 Tariff of abominations |
Raised import duties up to 50%. Supported by industrial northerners and hated by southerners who relied on imports |
| Jackson Vetos Second Bank of the U.S. |
Supported by Henry Clay and created under the American system |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
Removed native americans from their land and sent them to reservations west of the Mississippi river. |
| Treaty of New Echota |
Sneaky deal that exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River. |
| New American identity |
Noah Webster's dictionary standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American language |
| Second great awakening |
Camp meetings with huge sermons, christian revival. In contrast to first great awakening, which focused on personal moral reformation, second one emphasized moral reformation of society |
| Southern baptists |
Split from the rest of the baptist church because the northern baptists were abolitionists |
| Charles Finney |
New york preacher who spoke powerfully with images that common folks could understand. |
| American temperance society |
Focused on working men. Established over 5,000 chapters across the nation |
| Nat turners rebellion |
A young slave organized a rebellion believing that god had told him to do so. He and his followers killed over 50 people |
| Manifest destiny |
Americans believed they had a God-given right to have a nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. |
| Texan independence |
Americans had been settling in Texas since the 1820s. The southerners outnumbered actual Mexicans and had brought their slaves. The Mexican government outlawed slavery and mandated catholicism. |
| Election of 1844 |
James k. Polk was a big believer in manifest destiny. He got the Oregon territory and started the Mexican-American River. |
| Mexican-American war |
Disputes over the Texas border sparked the conflict. American troops made it all the way to Mexico city. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo |
Established the southern border of the United States and granted a huge portion of land known as the Mexican cession which included California and new Mexico |
| Wilmot Proviso |
An amendment to a law in congress that stipulated that any land gained in the Mexican-American war wouldn't be ineligible for the spread of slavery. Symbolized the growing tension over westward expansion and slavery. |
| Gold rush |
Gold was discovered in California, population skyrocketed |
| Positions on expansion of slavery |
Argued that slavery was a constitutional right, wanted line established in the Missouri Compromise to extend all the way westward to the Pacific. |
| Free Soil Party |
Formed by abolitionists who wanted to ban slavery everywhere |
| Compromise of 1850 |
California and New Mexico wanted to enter the union as free states.
Henry Clay created compromise: New Mexico and Utah would vote on slavery, California would be admitted as a free state, Slavery would be banned in Washington D.C., and there would be a new fugitive slave act |
| Fugitive slave act |
Many northerners opposed the expansion of slavery, and abolitionists despised the law. There were often riots when Southerners would try to bring back a runaway slave. |
| Kansas-Nebraska act |
divided Nebraska territory into 2 sections, Kansas and Nebraska. Put slavery to a vote in each new state. Effectively overturned the Missouri compromise! |
| Bleeding Kansas |
Fighting broke out between the pro and anti-slavery factions |
| Republican party formed |
A coalition of free soilers and whigs and northern democrats who's goal was to stop the spread of slavery. |
| Dred Scott case Dred Scott v. Sandford |
A slave in Missouri was taken to live in free Wisconsin, for two years, and he sued for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that slaves aren't citizens, and they are property so nobody can be deprived of their property without due process. |
| John Brown |
Led a small raid on a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His goal was to arm the southern slave population and incite a slave rebellion |
| Election of 1860 |
Lincoln campaigned on halting the expansion of slavery. He won without a single Southern electoral vote, prompting the south to realize they no longer any voice in the future of slavery in america |
| Anaconda plan |
Plan to completely cut off the south by blockading southern ports and eventually the Mississippi river |
| Battle of Vicksburg |
Granted the Union control of the entire Mississippi River. Cut the confederacy in half |
| Radical Republicans |
Pushed hard for civil rights, wanted to punish the south. Shifted the process of reconstruction from president to congress |
| Civil rights act of 1866 |
All African Americans were citizens of the United States |
| Reconstruction acts |
Divided the south into 5 zones under military occupation. Increased requirements for rejoining (also ratify 14th amendment and have universal suffrage) |
| Tenure of Office Act |
Stopped the president from removing a member of their cabinet without congressional approval (Johnson had tried to remove his secretary of war, who was a radical Republican) |
| Johnson impeached |
Pres. Johnson violated the tenure of office act, and impeachment failed by one vote |
| 15th amendment |
Protected voting rights of former slaves (in theory) |
| White supremacy |
White supremacy continued to dominate. Secret societies continued to terrorize African Americans (and Catholics, jews, and immigrants) |
| Black codes |
Restricted the civil rights of african americans in the south. Made it harder to vote, own property, even banned them from testifying against white people |
| Compromise of 1877 End of Reconstruction |
The contested election was decided by a Republican-leaning committee the obv chose the Republican candidate. Democrats threatened to filibuster |
| Railroads |
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods |
| Government support for railroads |
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants |
| Panic of 1893 |
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation. |
| Bessemer process |
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel |
| Andrew Carnegie |
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process |
| John D. Rockefeller |
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market. |
| Laissez-faire economics |
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time |
| Gospel of wealth |
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society |
| Sherman antitrust act |
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal |
| White collar workers |
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them |
| Labor unions |
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions |
| Great railroad strike |
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops |
| Pullman strike |
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed |
| Knights of labor |
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts |
| Haymarket square riot |
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical |
| American federation of labor AFL |
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes |
| Growth of immigration |
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities |
| Views on immigration |
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers |
| American protective association |
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists |
| Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war |
|
| Chinese exclusion act |
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush. |
| Homestead act |
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years. |
| By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled |
|
| Reservation system |
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo |
| Sioux wars |
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army. |
| Indian appropriation act |
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans |
| Ghost dance movement |
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out. |
| Assimilationist movement |
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values. |
| Dawes act |
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves |
| Changes in farming |
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living |
| National Grange movement |
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers |
| Interstate commerce act |
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads |
| Political machines |
Corrupt political bosses and their followers |
| Tammany Hall |
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes |
| Settlement houses |
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women |
| NAWSA National American Woman Suffrage Association |
Worked to secure voting rights for women |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members |
| Anti-Saloon league |
Worked to close down saloons |
| The new south |
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though. |
| Jim Crow laws |
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties |
| Ida B. Wells |
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her |
| International migration society |
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa |
| Booker T. Washington |
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights |
| Pendleton Act |
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job |
| Debates over money |
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard |
| Populist party |
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday |
| American imperialism |
Ideas about expansion and manifest destiny were engrained into the American identity. America purchased Alaska in 1867. |
| Spanish-American War |
|
| Philippines |
Teddy Roosevelt sent an American fleet to attack the Spanish colony. They staged a ground invasion in collaboration with Filipino nationalists and overthrew the Spanish, before buying it from them |
| President McKinley was assassinated and Teddy Roosevelt became president |
|
| Big stick diplomacy Speak softly, and carry a big stick |
An aggressive foreign policy that got the U.S. involved in many foreign conflicts |
| Progressive's concerns |
Rising power of big businesses
Uncertainties in the economy
Violence between labor groups and employers
Influence of political machines
Jim Crow segregation
Rights of women |
| Progressivism |
The idea that the problems within American society could only be fixed through vigorous government intervention. |
| Muckrakers |
Investigative journalists who exposed the underbelly of corruption rampant in American. |
| Ida Tarbell |
Published a devastating investigation of standard oil in 1902 |
| Jacob Riis |
A photojournalist who published a book called 'How the Other Half Lives' which showed the horrifying conditions of the people living in urban tenements |
| Upton Sinclair |
Wrote the book 'The Jungle' to expose the dangerous conditions of factory workers and the unsanitary meat packers |
| Secret ballot |
Helped make voting more fair by giving voters privacy and preventing party bosses from pressuring people into voting for them |
| Direct election of senators 17th amendment |
Gave citizens the right to vote for their senators. Progressives argued this helped take senators out of the pockets of millionaires and big business |
| Booker T. Washington |
He argued that to achieve political equality, African Americans had to engage themselves in education and economic endavors |
| W.E.B. Dubois |
Argued that for african americans to have any shot at economic equality, they needed to be recognized as politically equal first. |
| Niagra movement |
Led by W.E.B. Dubois who organized a group of black intellectuals who met and organized to secure rights for African americans |
| N.A.A.C.P National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
Sought to abolish all forms of segregation and expand educational opportunities for black children (and others) |
| Teddy Roosevelt progressivism |
Believed the president should set the legislative agenda for Congress. He led congress to pass a series of laws on consumer protection and enviornmental conservation |
| Pure food and drug act |
Ensured Americans were eating safe and uncontaminated food |
| Meat inspection act |
Set standards of sanitation for meat packing plants |
| Enforcing the Sherman Anti-trust Act |
Roosevelt began enforcing the act more strictly and dismantled over 40 large companies (only bad trusts) |
| Square deal |
When coal miners began to strike, Roosevelt stepped in to negotiate what he called a 'square deal' for both the workers and the corperation |
| Woodrow Wilson's Triple wall of privilege |
On his first day in office, WW addressed Congress on the need to provide relief to Americans by lowering tariffs |
| 18th amendment passed Prohibition |
Banned the sale of alcohol. They thought it would right the moral wrongs of society, but it had the opposite effect |
| Sinking of the Lusitania |
A German U-Boat sank a passenger ship with 128 Americans on board |
| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
Germany resumed sinking passenger ships two years later |
| Zimmermann telegram |
Germany solicited Mexico to become an ally of theirs, and in return they would help Mexico regain the land that they had lost in the Mexican-American war. |
| Wilson created many wartime agencies to coordinate the war. They encouraged Americans to ration resources and food, took control of railroads, and revitalized industries, causing more urban migration. |
|
| The great migration |
Over 1.5 million African Americans moved north in search of economic opportunities created by the war effort and an escape from southern discrimination |
| Espionage Act of 1917 |
Anyone who tried to incite rebellion or obstruct the draft would go to prison |
| Sedition act of 1918 |
Prohibited anyone from making negative comments about the government |
| fourteen points |
Wilson articulated his vision for the post-war world. Freedom of navigation, self-determination of nations, and a league of Nations (before the UN) |
| Red Scare |
Anti-german sentiment shifted to anti-communist sentiment as people feared communist infiltration from Russia |
| Palmer raids |
The AG tasked FBI Director Hoover to gather information on suspected communists and led to mass arrests and deportations |
| 1920's politics |
A Republican president was elected. He promised to reduce the government's involvement in people's lives and return to normalcy. |
| 1920's economic boom |
The standard of living for most Americans increased during the 1920s. |
| Assembly line |
A new and more efficient way to manufacture products like cars |
| Flappers |
Women who rejected stereotypical gender roles by drinking and smoking and having short hair |
| Increased nativism |
Increased immigration from eastern Europe after the war created another wave of nativism. Led to the passage of the immigration quotas |
| Immigration Quotas |
Limited the number of eastern European and Asian immigrants |
| Harlem Renaissance |
Black artists and performers developed a distinct art that grew out of the black experience |
| Mass culture |
The growing popularity of technologies like movies and the radio meant that everyone was listening to the same things, which helped create a more unified culture and distinct identity |
| Crisis in American values |
Embraced the changing culture with respect to gender roles and scientific discoveries
Lived in urban areas |
| Scopes Monkey trial |
In Tennessee it was illegal to teach Darwin's theory of evolution to children. A teacher was arrested for teaching it to his class. In the end, the conviction was thrown out on a technicality. |
| Great depression |
The stock market collapsed on black Tuesday. People borrowed money to invest in the stock market. Everyone lost their money. |
| Hoovervilles |
People who lost their homes had to live in shanty towns. The name mocked President Hoover for not intervening |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt elected |
Believed in active government and he grew the government more than any president before him. |
| New deal |
Public works administration: employed people to work on infrastructure projects
Tennessee Valley Authority: Hired people to control power plants and control flooding |
| Cash and Carry |
Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a looser version of the neutrality act that allowed anyone to purchase arms from the U.S. as long as they paid in cash and used their own ships to transport it |
| Lend-Lease Act |
Allowed Britain to 'borrow' the weapons they needed |
| Korematsu vs. U.S. |
Challenged the practice of Japanese Internment, but SCOTUS ruled that it was a wartime necessity |
| Cold war |
A conflict between two belligerents where neither engages in conflict with the other |
| Attitudes towards Germany |
Wanted to keep Germany weak so they wouldn't pose a threat.
Wanted to extract reparations for all the damage Germany had caused |
| Containment Truman Doctrine |
Truman took measures to contain the spread of communism. The U.S. would provide economic and military support to any country fighting communism |
| Marshall plan |
The extensive economic aid plan to rebuild the European economy and encourage democracy |
| Red scare The second one |
House Unamerican activities community searched for communist influence in American society (Government, military, film industry, Boy Scouts) |
| GI Bill |
Gave WW2 veterans the opportunity to go to college for free (paid by the Government) |
| Brown v. Board of education |
The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal and schools had to be integrated. Overturned plessy v. Ferguson from 1896 |
| Southern resistance to integration |
Argued that the Supreme Court had engaged in a gross abuse of power |
| Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger |
Her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger, and subsequent arrest sparked a massive bus boycott |
| Sit-in movement |
Thousands of black folks sat a segregated food counters and refused to move until they were taken out by force and jailed |
| March on Washington |
Hundreds of thousands gathered for a peaceful protest in front of the lincoln memorial. MLK gave his 'I have a dream' speech |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
Made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
Prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth |
| Malcom X |
Advocated countering white violence with black violence |
| Black Panthers |
Advocated violence when necessary in defense of black rights |
| Watts Riots of 1965 |
After the arrest of a black motorist by white officers, rioters killed over 30 people and destroyed hundreds of buildings in Los Angeles |
| The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan |
Explained the boredom and imprisonment of the typical housewife who was beholden to the needs of her family at the expense of her own needs. Argued that women should seek fulfilment and careers as well. |
| N.O.W. National Organization for Women |
Advocated for women's rights using many of the same tactics as the civil rights movement |
| Phyllis Schlafly |
Organized the conservative opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment |
| Cesar Chavez |
Led the protests for fair labor for agricultural workers |
| Self-determination Act of 1975 |
Gave Native Americans much greater control over their lands, education, and law enforcement |
| Counter culture |
A movement, mostly among young people who cast off societal restraint with rebellious clothing and experimental drug use |
| Baker vs. Carr |
Mandated fair congressional districts |
| Engel vs. Vitale |
Prohibited prayers in school |
| Decolonization |
After WWII there was a massive movement of decolonization throughout the world. Many of these new nations were unstable and needed aid, creating perfect conditions for proxy wars |
| Great society |
An extension of the New Deal: War on Poverty
Office of Economic Opportunity, Medicare, Medicaid, immigration act |
| Roe v. Wade |
Nixon's appointments (who he'd assumed who be conservative) ruled in favor of abortion rights |
| EPA Environmental protection agency |
Created in response to growing backlash from environmental disasters. Sought to place limits on pollution in the air and water |
Matteo Z 
U.S. History
Used practice mode
