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Enlightenment impact on nationalism
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The emotional aspect of nationalism indicated that nationalism was a reaction against the cold rationality of the enlightenment
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The brothers Grimm
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Academic German published a collection of fairy tales from German culture. Their goal was to connect living germans with their ancestral roots.
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Zionism
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A nationalism movement that sprang up among European Jews. Enlightenment ideals led to more tolerance for Jews. But Zionism responded to the growing anit-semitism that came back after incidents like the dreufus affair
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Dreyfus Affair
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A french solider was accused and convicted of leaking secret documents to the germans. Divided the country between people who thought he was being unjustly accused because he was Jewish, and others who thought the charges were believable because he was Jewish.
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Theodor Hertzl
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A German Jew who argued in 1835 that Jews should have a land of their own and that land should be their ancestral home of Palestine.
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Dual monarchy of Austria Hungary.
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Austria was unable to suppress the growing nationalism in Hungary. This led to the creation of the dual monarchy
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The Crimean war
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A war over religion and politics. The Ottoman sultan granted special privilege's to French Catholics, and Russia wanted those same privilege's for Orthodox Christians. France and Russia wanted to weaken an empire already divided by internal nationalist divisions. When Austria declared neutrality and left Russia all alone, Russia lost.
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Effects of the Crimean war
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Effectively broke up the concert of Europe which had kept the peace and the balance of power in Europe, since it's inception. Britain and Russia focused inward, creating the conditions for Italian and German unification.
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Northern Italian unification
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Under the leadership of Count Cavor, Piedmont industrialized and built a massive army. Promised Napoleon the 3rd that France could keep its territories if it helped expel Austria from Italy. Napoleon didn't do his job, however the northern Italian nationalists joined Piedmont. Northern Italy is unified.
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Southern italian unification
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Giuseppe Garibaldi led his men (clad in red shirts) to unify the southern region. He then gave over sovereignty to the north, finally unifying italy, except for Rome, which was still occupied by france.
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Rome unifies with italy
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The franco-Prussian war forced Napoleon III to withdraw french troops from Rome, so italy just took it.
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Realpolitik
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A method of political maneuvering that sought practical results. "What is the best action for me to take, in order to get what I want?"
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Otto von Bismarck
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Introduced reforms aimed a bulking up Prussia's wealth, most notably, by increasing its military.
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3 key wars that Bismarck used to unify germany
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Prussian-Danish war of 1864
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Prussian-Danish war of 1864
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Bismarck got Austria to help him conquer 2 german provinces controlled by Denmark. They won easily and Prussia got one, and Austria got the other.
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Austro-Prussian war of 1866
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Before this war broke out, Bismarck skillfully negotiated non-interference treaties with Britain and Russia. He then started a war over the two provinces he was sharing with austria, forcing the other smaller German provinces to pick a side, which they did. #Unification
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Franco-Prussian war
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Bismarck wanted to unify with the sounthern German states he had just fought a war with by fighting a common enemy: France. After falsifying a document and starting a war with france, the german states united together and won.
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Ems telegram
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A document forged by Bismarck of a Prussian diplomat
allegedly insulting Napoleon III, provoking a war with france
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Bismarck became chancellor of Germany
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After unifying all of Germany, he served as the chancellor of germany from 1871 to 1890. His policies during this time aimed to isolate france, whom he considered Germany's greatest enemy.
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Triple alliance
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Created in 1882 by Bismarck. An alliance between germany, austria, and italy which supported the existing political orders in these state, as well as a mutual defence pact against france.
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Triple entente
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An alliance between Britain, france, and Russia created in 1907 in response to the triple alliance.
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New imperialism causes
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After industrialization there was a strong motive to imperialize other parts of the globe to gain access to more raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.
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Berlin conference (1884-1885)
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Made decisions about who would get what territory in Africa to prevent a war in europe.
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Racial superiority & Social Darwinism
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After contrasting the wealth and power that industrialized nations in europe had accumulated with the relative poverty of many places in Africa, many europeans concluded that western nations were superior.
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European advantages over African resistance
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Military technology developed in the second industrial revolution like the machine gun, telegrams and railroads made running a nation from the other side of the world much easier, and new medicines that let europeans survive in africa.
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Entente cordiale
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France agreed to become friends with britian because they both wanted territory in sudan to build railroads, but France was way outnumbered and wanted a friend to defend against germany. Lays the groundwork for their alliance in WWI
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Imperialism led to a partial rejection of social darwinism
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Some people began to see the problem with brutally colonizing other places
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Sepoy rebellion
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Because of a feeling that India was losing its heritage and culture, and a rumor that the british were greasing their ammunition carriages in the fat of cows, the sepoy (Indian soldiers who worked for the british) rebelled in 1857. It spread rapidly across india, but the british eventually crushed it. India transferred from east india company to british government,
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Zulu rebellion
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Europeans had divided africa with little to no regard for tribal boundaries or conflicts. The native zulu tribe, who had been forced to mine for diamonds, revolted with an army of over 40,000 men, but eventually lost to the british.
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Positivism
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Taught that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provable through mathematical quantification. Truth = Science or Math, not god or mythology
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Relativism
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Since positivism rejected the idea that there was one overarching truth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant hat all truth was relative.
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New ideas in the 1800s - 1900s
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General theory of relativity, new sciency things
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