Dual monarchy of Austria Hungary.
New ideas in the 1800s - 1900s
Since positivism rejected the idea that there was one overarching truth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant hat all truth was relative.
France agreed to become friends with britian because they both wanted territory in sudan to build railroads, but France was way outnumbered and wanted a friend to defend against germany. Lays the groundwork for their alliance in WWI
Zionism
A nationalism movement that sprang up among European Jews. Enlightenment ideals led to more tolerance for Jews. But Zionism responded to the growing anit-semitism that came back after incidents like the dreufus affair
A french solider was accused and convicted of leaking secret documents to the germans. Divided the country between people who thought he was being unjustly accused because he was Jewish, and others who thought the charges were believable because he was Jewish.
Realpolitik
A method of political maneuvering that sought practical results. "What is the best action for me to take, in order to get what I want?"
An alliance between Britain, france, and Russia created in 1907 in response to the triple alliance.
The franco-Prussian war forced Napoleon III to withdraw french troops from Rome, so italy just took it.
Racial superiority & Social Darwinism
Austro-Prussian war of 1866
Southern italian unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi led his men (clad in red shirts) to unify the southern region. He then gave over sovereignty to the north, finally unifying italy, except for Rome, which was still occupied by france.
Military technology developed in the second industrial revolution like the machine gun, telegrams and railroads made running a nation from the other side of the world much easier, and new medicines that let europeans survive in africa.
A document forged by Bismarck of a Prussian diplomat
allegedly insulting Napoleon III, provoking a war with france
3 key wars that Bismarck used to unify germany
Prussian-Danish war of 1864
Effects of the Crimean war
Effectively broke up the concert of Europe which had kept the peace and the balance of power in Europe, since it's inception. Britain and Russia focused inward, creating the conditions for Italian and German unification.
Otto von Bismarck
Introduced reforms aimed a bulking up Prussia's wealth, most notably, by increasing its military.
Some people began to see the problem with brutally colonizing other places
Franco-Prussian war
Bismarck wanted to unify with the sounthern German states he had just fought a war with by fighting a common enemy: France. After falsifying a document and starting a war with france, the german states united together and won.
The Crimean war
A war over religion and politics. The Ottoman sultan granted special privilege's to French Catholics, and Russia wanted those same privilege's for Orthodox Christians. France and Russia wanted to weaken an empire already divided by internal nationalist divisions. When Austria declared neutrality and left Russia all alone, Russia lost.
Northern Italian unification
After unifying all of Germany, he served as the chancellor of germany from 1871 to 1890. His policies during this time aimed to isolate france, whom he considered Germany's greatest enemy.
Theodor Hertzl
A German Jew who argued in 1835 that Jews should have a land of their own and that land should be their ancestral home of Palestine.
New imperialism causes
Created in 1882 by Bismarck. An alliance between germany, austria, and italy which supported the existing political orders in these state, as well as a mutual defence pact against france.
The brothers Grimm
Enlightenment impact on nationalism
The emotional aspect of nationalism indicated that nationalism was a reaction against the cold rationality of the enlightenment
Prussian-Danish war of 1864
Bismarck got Austria to help him conquer 2 german provinces controlled by Denmark. They won easily and Prussia got one, and Austria got the other.
Taught that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provable through mathematical quantification. Truth = Science or Math, not god or mythology
Because of a feeling that India was losing its heritage and culture, and a rumor that the british were greasing their ammunition carriages in the fat of cows, the sepoy (Indian soldiers who worked for the british) rebelled in 1857. It spread rapidly across india, but the british eventually crushed it. India transferred from east india company to british government,
