Unit 6 review (1815-1914) duel

Vulcanization

Scientific socialism Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Industrialization Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization

A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Public Health movement Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment

Revolutions of 1848 in France Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.

An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution

October Manifesto (1905) Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power

1800s-1900s social reforms These reforms were led by governments

Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.

Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money

Steam engine

Parliament repealed the corn laws In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.

Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.

Conservatism

Quentin canal Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north

Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility

Spinning jenny Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.

Sunday School Movement Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children

Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.

Provisional governments new constitution

Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway

Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832

Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.

Irish potato famine Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.

German unification Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.

Joseph de Maistre A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.

He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.

Educational reforms Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.

Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

Second wave of industrialization technologies Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads

Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.

Factory act Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway

Age of Metternich

Parliament repealed the corn laws

Provisional governments new constitution

War of Greece independence Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832

Mass-based political parties As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.

Newcomen steam engine Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.

Conspicuous consumption The middle class began buying things to show off

Reasons for industrialization in Britain

Zollverein agreement Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France

October Manifesto (1905)

Sunday School Movement Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children

Industrialization in southern and eastern europe Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization

The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.

They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.

Ten hours act Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money

Concert of Europe Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.

Bessemer process Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.

Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.

Sergei Witte Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard

1800s-1900s social reforms These reforms were led by governments

Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.

French industrialization Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.

2nd wave of industrialization Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.

End this game?