Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure
Liberalism
Vulcanization
Made rubber harder and more durable
Anarchism
2nd wave of industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
German unification
People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.
Newcomen steam engine
Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
Mass-based political parties
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
War of Greece independence
Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
Middle class leisure culture
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
Socialism
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Conservatism
Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
Utilitarianism
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Revolutions of 1848 in France
Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Cult of domesticity
The middle class had rigidly defined gender roles. The men worked in the city or at their factory, and women and children stayed home and made him sandwiches 🥪
Scientific socialism
Factory act
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees
Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.
Parliament repealed the corn laws
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Became one of the worlds most industrialized cities. 1st industrial park (place dedicated to factories). Led to a lot of pollution and other problems.
Bessemer process
Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
Reasons for industrialization in Britain
Prussian revolution of 1848
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Sergei Witte
Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard
