Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Humoral theory of the body
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Scientific method
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Galileo Galilei
Enlightened Absolutism
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Popes response to galieleo
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
