AP Government duel

powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Caucus

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Monetary policy

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Ex post facto law

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

voting for candidates all of the same party

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

DC v. Heller (2008)

Federalist Papers

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Strict constitutionalist

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Courts of Appeal

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

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