Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.

Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.

Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits. An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies

People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative. Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility

Social effects of Industrial Revolution Revolutions of 1848 2nd wave of industrialization Great exhibition