Sunday School Movement French industrialization Newcomen steam engine Middle class leisure culture

Made rubber harder and more durable Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.

Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832 As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them. Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines

Educational reforms Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s Impacts of railroads Industrialization

2nd wave of industrialization Industrialization Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms Reasons for industrialization in Britain