products have less energy than reactants, spontaneous, graph will end lower than it started Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! thermodynamically unfavorable y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0)

thermodynamically unfavorable reduction happens, gaining electrons products have less energy than reactants, spontaneous, graph will end lower than it started G = negative = k>1 G = positive = k<1 k is close to 1, G is close to zero k is far from 1, G is far from zero

1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units delta G = delta H - (T * delta S) gibbs free energy = enthalpy - (temperature times entropy) *note T is in kelvin, not Celsius y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) oxidation happens, losing electrons

cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) what is Gibb's free energy charging a battery vs using a battery if a reaction is kinetically favorable

galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) exergonic reaction overall cell reaction