Rematch between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic republicans had finally figured out how to campaign in the media, and the Federalists were seen as elitist
Jefferson's presidency
He himself owned hundreds of slaves. He banned the importation of slaves. Once the Atlantic trade dried up, domestic trade increased, creating the second middle passage
Limited government: Jefferson's presidency
Mentioned frugal, limited government, reduction of public debt, and respect for state's rights in his inaugural address.
Government expansion: Jefferson's presidency
Louisiana purchase which increased the size and influence of the national government, Barbary war, and the embargo.
Foreign policy: Jefferson's presidency
U.S. had been paying the barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa to ensure safe passage of American ships. Jefferson was opposed to paying bribes and stopped paying. When the pirates attacked American ships, Jefferson sent the navy. Ended with a negotiation and reduced payments.
Louisiana purchase
Napoleon needed money to quell the Haitian revolution, so he sold the Louisiana territory, and Jefferson bought. This was controversial because the constitution didn't specify how to add territory to the union.
The embargo
President Jefferson established an embargo on foreign trade in retaliation for Britain and France attacks on American ships.
Madison re-imposed the embargo on Britain because they continued to attack American ships
War hawkes
Younger Americans who had been born after the revolution, were ardent nationalists, and wanted war with Britain to invade Florida and Canada.
Jefferson policy on indigenous Americans
He favored removing them to reservations beyond the Mississippi if they refused to "civilize" themselves. Some unified and began violently resisting with help from the British
Madison declared war on great Britain
Madison declared war. "Would Americans remain independent or become colonists again?"
Effects of the War of 1812
Confirmed ability of a Republican Government to defend itself. Americans completed conquest of everything east of the Mississippi. War broke remaining indigenous power, and white settlers poured in to former native lands.
End of the federalists
The war had revived the struggling party thanks to the anti-war movement. Now that the war was over, federalist support collapsed for good.
Rush-Bagot pact
Agreement with Britain that removed military ships from the great lakes.
Convention of 1818
More American fishing rights, set the U.S. - Canada border at the 49th parallel, and called for the joint-occupation of Oregon
Spain sells Florida
U.S. wanted Florida for nationalist reasons and because slaves and outlaws kept hiding out there. After retaliating for a raid, Spain gives up and sells Florida for $5 million
Marbury vs. Madison
On his way out of office, John Adams appointed 16 new judges. Jefferson refused to deliver some of these appointments. The Supreme Court established judicial review.
McCulloch vs Maryland
Ruled that federal law trumps state law
Hartford Convention
Federalists met in opposition to the war of 1812, and even argued that new england should suceed.
Henry Clay's American system
Federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and the re-establishment of the bank of the united states.
Tallmadge amendment
Would prohibit slavery in Missouri if it was admitted into the union
Compromise of 1820
Bring in Missouri and Maine at the same time to keep the balance of power. Also limited slavery above a certain latitude.
Monroe doctrine
Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement.
Market revolution
The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
From 1820 to 1840 nearly 2 million immigrants (mainly from Germany and Ireland) showed up
Cult of domesticity
A woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around child-bearing and making her home comfortable for her husband.
Expansion of democracy
Voting rights were expanded to all white males
Effects: Expansion of democracy
Growth and realignment of political parties
Panic of 1819
First major recession in the United States
Causes: Panic of 1819
Irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports
Effects: Panic of 1819
Working men demanded the franchise
Split within the Democratic-Republican party
Expansive view of federal power & loose constructionists
Democrats: Split within the Democratic-Republican party
Restrictive view of federal power & strict constructionists
Election of 1824
The divisions within the Democratic-Republican party led them to choose 4 candidates, while Jackson's populist campaign won the popular vote, no candidate won enough electoral votes. Adams and Clay made a deal and the house voted for Adams.
Election of 1828
Definition: Election of 1828
The split became more permanent and the Democrats and National Republicans were formed. Jackson ran again and won.
Whigs
New party led by Henry Clay. Main difference was disagreement over federal power
Tariff of 1828
Raised import duties up to 50%. Supported by industrial northerners and hated by southerners who relied on imports
Jackson Vetos Second Bank of the U.S.
Supported by Henry Clay and created under the American system
Definition: Jackson Vetos Second Bank of the U.S.
He saw the bank as favoring the elite and vetoed the re-charter for the bank.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Removed native americans from their land and sent them to reservations west of the Mississippi river.
Treaty of New Echota
Sneaky deal that exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River.
New American identity
Noah Webster's dictionary standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American language
Philosophy: New American identity
Transcendentalism: Belief in human perfectibility, emphasizing the power and beauty of nature.
Art: New American identity
Romanticized landscapes of nature
Religion: New American identity
Onida community: lived communally in perfect equality. No property, complex marriage
Shakers: Dancing, made furniture, lived in equality, and were celibate
Second great awakening
Camp meetings with huge sermons, christian revival. In contrast to first great awakening, which focused on personal moral reformation, second one emphasized moral reformation of society
Southern baptists
Split from the rest of the baptist church because the northern baptists were abolitionists
Charles Finney
New york preacher who spoke powerfully with images that common folks could understand.
American temperance society
Focused on working men. Established over 5,000 chapters across the nation
Nat turners rebellion
A young slave organized a rebellion believing that god had told him to do so. He and his followers killed over 50 people
Effects: Nat turners rebellion
Southerners imposed even harsher restrictions on slaves out of a fear of further rebellions